On grace- Catholics teach the methods of grace (sacraments). These lead to salvation. Believers must participate in these graces in particular ways. Protestants teach this is heresy, that grace is imputed to believers through Christ alone, at the will of God. This is a core division between the 2.
Comments
Catholics- Jesus says the Rock upon the Church will be built is Peter, the first Pope.
Protestants- Jesus is saying He Himself is the Rock. No popes.