It’s odd because we’re both college teachers and I study the history of ideas and have taught epicycles and heliocentric theory for years. I still can’t tell you why the moon looks like it does every day. It’s a shadow of some kind, right? But I somehow don’t know of what.
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But the Moon orbits Earth ~12 times faster than Earth does the Sun, so we see its day side (full Moon), its night side (new Moon), and all the angles inbetween over a ~30 day cycle.
*almost