As appointed appellate counsel in California in the 1990s, multiple clients convicted of otherwise relatively minor crimes received much more severe punishment b/c of "gang enhancements." No coincidence I never saw such an enhancement applied to a yt client, not even the ones with swastika tattoos.
Reposted from Michael Hobbes
“gangs” in the form of hierarchical criminal enterprises are effectively an urban legend. The concept functions almost exclusively as a tool for prosecutors to apply conspiracy charges and longer sentences to crimes committed by minorities.

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