1/ Humphrey’s Executor v. United States (1935) is a landmark Supreme Court case that limited the president’s power to remove independent agency officials at will.
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2/ The case involved President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who tried to fire an FTC commissioner, William Humphrey, simply because Humphrey disagreed with his policies.
3/ Humphrey refused to resign, but Roosevelt removed him anyway. The case went to the Supreme Court after Humphrey died, and his estate sued for back pay.
4/ The Court ruled against Roosevelt, stating that FTC commissioners can only be removed for “inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office”—not political reasons.
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