Statistics show that fitness gains are not always guaranteed and that genetic variability plays a crucial role, suggesting the traditional Darwinian view may not fully explain the complexity of evolution. 2/2
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Quasispecies theory and macroevolutionary models, such as the Bak-Sneppen model, extend the application of Darwinian theory by integrating internal dynamics, such as mutations and genetic variability, and external factors, such as environmental perturbations. 3
These approaches provide a more complete and realistic understanding of evolutionary processes, highlighting the interaction between natural selection and other forces that influence the evolution of species. 4
Darwin postulated the "survival of the fittest" as a complex process that includes not only competition, but also cooperation and adaptation to the environment. 5
Furthermore, extinction is a natural phenomenon that can result from various factors, not only competition, and should not be interpreted as a failure, but rather as part of the dynamic evolutionary process. 6
I apologize if Mother Nature has not yet selected a species so perfect that it can live forever and avoid extinction. When there have been mass extinctions, they have all been caused by natural catastrophes, from the dinosaur asteroid to the Permian extinction and others. 7
those theories do not disprove millennia of data... if our species had turned out well then perhaps you could have argued that it was a subtractive refinement... unfortunately our history proves we are a failure... thus darwin's theory points towards extinction... other than that he did a great job
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