These approaches provide a more complete and realistic understanding of evolutionary processes, highlighting the interaction between natural selection and other forces that influence the evolution of species. 4
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Darwin postulated the "survival of the fittest" as a complex process that includes not only competition, but also cooperation and adaptation to the environment. 5
Furthermore, extinction is a natural phenomenon that can result from various factors, not only competition, and should not be interpreted as a failure, but rather as part of the dynamic evolutionary process. 6
I apologize if Mother Nature has not yet selected a species so perfect that it can live forever and avoid extinction. When there have been mass extinctions, they have all been caused by natural catastrophes, from the dinosaur asteroid to the Permian extinction and others. 7
those theories do not disprove millennia of data... if our species had turned out well then perhaps you could have argued that it was a subtractive refinement... unfortunately our history proves we are a failure... thus darwin's theory points towards extinction... other than that he did a great job
I have a vague suspicion that you are the one who always sees the glass as half empty, if not completely empty. But the point is simply one: life, despite all environmental obstacles, has always evolved, in one way or another. There are not only aggressive species. 1
There are species that cooperate with each other, even prey and predator. What about sharks and remoras, or crocodiles and Nile plovers? Without forgetting the highly social species, from ants to social canids. There are species that coevolve as our ancestors and the ancestors of dogs. 2
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