6/ Unlike “authority,” this form of governance stems from competence—personal expertise and professional know-how of staff confronting real-time situational challenges, not from formal mandates.
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7/ This challenges IR theories that equate governance with institutional authority. By shifting focus to governing effects rather than authority sources, we see how IOs operate in emerging, contested, or crisis-ridden areas—provisional, informal, but impactful.
8/ Why does this matter? In an era of global disorder, governance through on-the-ground practice, and similar de facto forms of regulating global issues, are increasingly relevant. Yet, this raises critical questions of legitimacy and accountability.
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