That’s when a team commits a penalty, like a yellow card! If the flagged team is on offense then they lose yards on the field. So if you get flagged on 2nd & 7 and get a flag with a 5 yard penalty then you replay the down but now it’s 2nd and 12. You can also lose a down, get ejected etc.
And yardage is based on the type of penalty. It ranges from 5 (minor infraction) to 15 yards (major, like a personal foul). A defensive pass interference call gives the other team an automatic 1st down. Here's some helpful reading https://gorout.com/football-penalties
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