In the US, the scientific partnership between the federal government and universities began in response to congressional opposition to centralized, federal science.
Providing financial support and building up university capacity was a way to borrow and build American *and* government science.
Providing financial support and building up university capacity was a way to borrow and build American *and* government science.
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Dan de Kadt
Same is true in other countries, no? At least in the UK, major universities were religious (Oxford, Cambridge, KCL) or private enterprises (UCL, LSE). Public funding didn't start until much later. Difference I guess this that once public funding happened, that became the dominant arrangement.
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American academic medicine was born & in turn transformed the world
Hopkins (William Osler) and Rockefeller (Sinclair Lewis's Arrowsmith) are good examples
But the public-private network constructed initially by 19th century American bureaucrats became a model for the world.
The US Geological Survey followed a similar pattern in response to opposition to federal labs in Washington DC.
Both also operated as quasi-grad schools.
The relationship between the federal government and universities was synergetic and it created a powerful political network of support.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/political-development-of-scientific-capacity-in-the-united-states/3C0D6784B7E9ED4EF5142A430438C36B