locuste.bsky.social
Scientific popularization, but not only.
Posts in French and English.
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Getting Started
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Bientôt, y en aura plus.
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Merci, on va essayer de toucher un public international, maintenant. 😅
Je compte postuler dans un feed prochainement.
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Poke (How does snow form ?)
@drbarriere.bsky.social @lionelcase.bsky.social @corinnedepagne.bsky.social
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Poke (How does snow form ?)
@chatsecouriste.bsky.social @saiyanbio.bsky.social @ericbilly.bsky.social @duxpacis.bsky.social @astropierre.com @lethiecv.bsky.social @ledoc.bsky.social @nopeneverhope.bsky.social @tipuncho.bsky.social @sonicurticant.bsky.social @mathieumolimard.bsky.social
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That’s it, we’ve reached the end of this thread! If you enjoyed it, don’t forget to repost and like, and subscribe to stay updated with my future content. Thanks for your support and see you soon !
(Feel free to also follow my Threads account if you're interested : www.threads.net/@insightful_...)
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2- The air layer is sufficiently thickThis time, as you might have guessed, the droplets become solid again, taking the form of ice pellets.
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This is the famous - and no less formidable - freezing rain !
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1- The air layer is too thin.Under these conditions, the droplets do not have enough time to return to the solid state; however, they become supercooled, which will eventually allow them to freeze upon contact with the ground (or other surfaces).
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But sometimes, they encounter a cold air layer again, just before landing!In this scenario, two outcomes are possible…
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Of course, if they only pass through warm layers, the question doesn’t even arise: they will remain liquid until they reach the ground, and we will have to deal with regular rain…
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Even though there is no longer any hope for the snow to return at this stage, we still don’t know what will happen to the droplets that result from it, as they now have to pass through the remaining air layers before reaching us…
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But if unfortunately, the snowflakes are exposed to warm temperatures (I mean temperatures significantly above 0°C), it’s a disaster: they melt!We then get ordinary raindrops…
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They will then settle in successive layers on the ground, ultimately offering us a divine snowy blanket!
(It should be noted that the colder it is, the more likely we are to find dry snow. Conversely, temperatures closer to 0°C favor the appearance of wet or even slushy snow.)
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If all these layers are cold (in other words, if it is below 0°C, or, in the worst case, just a little above), the snowflakes will be preserved.
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Unfortunately, it should be noted that at this stage, there is still no guarantee that they will reach us in this form: everything will depend on the temperature of the air layers they have yet to cross…
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More or less large, but always intertwined, these different clusters constitute what we call snowflakes!
Their fall is truly a magical spectacle…
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That said, since they all share the common trait of being subjected to whimsical paths, collisions between them quickly multiply, which either breaks them apart or interlocks them with each other.It is therefore possible to see clusters of snow crystals forming all over the sky.
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These random movements generate collisions with other snow crystals… At this moment, there are millions of them in the sky, each more beautiful than the other. All different too; as if each had its own identity. To be honest, I never get tired of admiring them…
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and falls to the ground…There, subjected to air turbulence, it does not descend in a straight line, but actually follows a capricious trajectory, punctuated by deviations and sudden jolts.
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I say almost, because don’t forget about the supercooled droplets! In case of a shock or even slight contact, which sometimes happens, they can also solidify on the crystal, increasing its volume.
If the crystal finds good quantities of them in its vicinity, it eventually becomes too heavy
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it readily deposits on the protruding corners of the crystal, which are the most accessible).
As you can see, water vapor plays a central role, not only in the formation but also in the development of the snow crystal. Almost everything depends on it.
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It is triggered spontaneously due to the difference in humidity between the air around the crystal and that in the droplet zone.
Once in action, it induces the gradual evaporation of the droplets, and the water vapor thus formed joins the crystal, freezing onto it in turn (it should be noted that
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So, if necessary, I prefer to warn you against the temptation to attribute any will to the snow crystal: no, I assure you, it is not consciously stealing the droplets to grow at their expense!
In reality, this transfer of water molecules is a natural process called the Bergeron effect.
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their immediate transition to the solid state. We will see later examples of situations that cause this sudden change, but for now, let’s continue with my story.
As I mentioned, the snow crystal develops by inheriting water molecules that belonged to the neighboring droplets.
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In such a state, water droplets can remain liquid at temperatures below 0°C, up to a limit that nature has set around -40°C.
However, since it is an unstable state, the slightest external disturbance (imagine contact with a surface or a particle, for example) will be enough to trigger
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because we are in a cloud with negative temperatures. Shouldn’t the water freeze under these conditions ?
Well, actually, no ! Even below 0°C, water droplets will remain liquid.This paradox, which is troubling for our minds, actually corresponds to a particular state of matter called supercooling.
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Although it starts as a tiny ice grain (and for good reason, it doesn’t exceed a few millimeters at most), it will have the opportunity to grow by drawing water molecules from the surrounding water droplets !
Now, I guess the persistence of these droplets might seem completely absurd to you,
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Therefore, it is not easy to encounter the right type of aerosol under the ideal climatic conditions!
But when things align well, we find ourselves in the presence of a fabulous primary snow crystal.
Credit : Kenneth Libbrecht
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However, we have seen that not all aerosols are well-suited for this role. Worse, even among those that are capable, there are still inequalities.
Some only become active at very low temp (around -15°C, for example), while others, more accommodating, can perform their function starting at -3°C.
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So, to summarize our findings, we now know that the formation of a snow crystal depends on several conditions.
First, there must be a temperature below 0°C, but also the presence of aerosols that allow the freezing of water vapor.
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However, instead of transitioning to the liquid state as it did on the condensation nucleus, our water vapor immediately freezes upon contact with a crystallization nucleus.
We then obtain a small hexagonal snow crystal !
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that are calibrated to play the role of a crystallization nucleus.
There are, of course, similarities between a condensation nucleus and a crystallization nucleus, as they both interact with water vapor to provide a surface for it.
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However, this does not mean they will never serve any purpose in their “life”! On the contrary, many of them are designed to fulfill a different function - provided they are exposed to the right temperatures.
Thus, in a cloud where the temperature is well below 0°C, we will find aerosols
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only some of them are capable of doing so.It actually depends on their size, their chemical composition, and of course, the weather conditions as we have seen.
Based on these criteria, we find that not all aerosols have the stature of a condensation nucleus.
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If this condition is met, all our actors will then come into play; but among them, I suggest we first focus on the microparticles…Earlier, I implied that aerosols could all serve as condensation nuclei, right? Well, I need to qualify my statement, beacause in truth,
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Each of these three elements can play a role in the formation of snow. But for that, the local temperature must first be significantly below freezing. So, we need a very cold cloud.
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And it is in the very heart of these clouds that the next part of our story will unfold…As I mentioned, they obviously contain droplets, but there is also water vapor that has not condensed, plus the remaining available microparticles.
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This means that any water vapor that does not encounter these nuclei will remain water vapor…
As for the droplets, even though it seems crazy, they will be visible from the surface of the Earth - not individually, of course, but as a whole, because these are what form clouds !
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You can’t even imagine the number and diversity of aerosols up there. There’s really everything: dust grains, sand, ash, and more.
Without their intervention to catalyze the transition from the gaseous state to the liquid state, the water vapor does not condense.
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which provides a surface for it to condense on.
Credit : David Babb & Minnesota Univ.
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As it ascends, it encounters increasingly cold air, which promotes its condensation into countless droplets suspended in the air.
However, to ensure this change of state, cold alone is not sufficient: the water vapor must also encounter a volatile microparticle,
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After its formation, in any case, our water vapor rises to the sky for reasons explained below.
(If necessary, you can skip this step and come back to it later, after the end of my presentation: this will not affect your understanding of the rest of the thread.)
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Present in our atmosphere, although invisible, this water vapor can have many origins, such as the transpiration of plants, but remember that it mainly comes from the evaporation of water from seas, oceans, or lakes, under the heat of the Sun.
Credit : NASA
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First of all, know that at the base of the long process whose steps we will see together, there is always an essential ingredient, which happens to be water vapor (that is, water in its gaseous state).
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Pas encore, quand même. 😭