Basically everything worth a hill of beans uses HTTPS; that encrypts from your browser, all the way to the server side. Nothing in between (including, interestingly, your OS and its networking stack) can see the contents barring some MITM corporate nonsense.
This is why public wifi is "safe."
This is why public wifi is "safe."
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(Sorry.)
Sniff your own traffic, you might be surprised.
Tailscale / Wireguard. Never leave home without them.
You can even confirm that it works here: https://tls-ech.dev/
“On Jan 1st, 2017, Apple will expect that any new apps submitted to the App Store, and updates to existing apps, will meet ATS requirements.”
I can’t find as concrete a source, but Google also seems to require apps use TLS by default now.
Also that, but with a twist: it’s not “something needs”, like tax authorities, but “something interferes”, like a state firewall
Scientific data?
Based on that I assume it’s just public data. So why would one care?
So it's not just to protect the data you submit.
People have been known to inject ads and worse things into http traffic that's passing through their network.
But since 2013 or so, yeah, just send it over tls so you don't have to think about it